| Abstract | At present, Haiphong Water Supply System is considered a developing system with many
prospects. During recent years a lot of improvement have been achieved within the system.
The system is supplying potable water for about 525,000 people and all other economic
activities in urban and sub-urban areas of the city with water consumption of about 90-100
I/cap.day, water quality and continuos supply are considered relatively good. Water quality is
not difficult to reach the turbidity less than 1 NTU in every water treatment plant of the
system and other quality parameters can meet Vietnamese Standards for drinking water.
The system has a high potential of development, the average production was about 111,200
m
3
/day at the end of 2000 and it estimated increasing up to 165,000 m3
/day at 2020 to cover
all urban and sub-urban areas.
Long term water resources for the system are Re River and Da Do River located within the
rural and rapidly urbanizing sub-urban areas. At present water quantity is considered available
for present needs and even future but the water quality has been affected by many socioeconomic activities within the watersheds, the management and exploitation of these rivers
still have shortcomings and limitation, especially for water supply.
The most real and potential pollutants threat to the raw water quality are nutrients, salinity,
bacteria and pathogens, turbidity, and pesticides and heavy metals that need to be considered
in source water protection strategies.
The law on water resources effective from January 1999 and the law on environmental
protection effective from October 1994 are two laws considered as a basis for source
protection actions at all level. But both of them have just given a general framework for
physical planning and the construction of public infrastructure, they do not clearly identify
standards that could be used as a guideline where the reservations of water source protection
areas are defined.
In the source protection plan proposed, the protection areas for intakes follow basically the
Design Standards for Water Supply Networks and Water Supply Project, 20-TCN-33-85. In
the plan, the water supply watersheds has been defined based on the natural conditions of the
rivers as well as its catchments. All socio-economic activities affecting raw water quality
were shown as objects of management strategy. In proposed management strategy most
appropriate measures including regulatory and non-regulatory were given based on the actual
circumstance of Haiphong as well as the existing institutional and legislative framework on
water sector in Vietnam.
Due to local specific characteristics of existing land uses, especially the current political and
public acceptability protective regulatory measures for protection area of the intakes mainly
focused have been given to maintain and regulate the existing land uses to avoid its negative
impacts to water quality. Detailed land use activities should be limited or controlled have been
given for every intake protection zone.
The best management practices are both regulatory and non-regulatory measures being
proposed in order to limit the negative impacts of all activities in sensitive areas within
watersheds. They can be applied through both regulatory and non-regulatory approaches. The
water quality monitoring and watershed inspection should be considered as the major tool to
deal with the identification of water quality change and proposals for remedial actions.
The components of the management boards and organization, and implementation mechanism
have been recommended based on the current institutional framework of water sector at city
lll
level. The most important action is engaging the roles and responsibility of local government
at all level from the city to community.
The source protection plan can be considered as comprehensive tool to maintain, and to some
extents, to improve the raw water quality for water supply system. It is very important in
assuring the raw water quality for long-term water supply of the City.
Haiphong water supply system is operated and managed by Haiphong Water Supply
Company, a Public Utility Enterprise. The company achieved a lot of success during recent
years, of which most successful is non-revenue water reduction (from 70% in 1991 to 45% in
2000) by applying a model for management of service and water fee collection called
"Phuong model" in parallel with improvement of quality of transmission and distribution
network.
The company has improved step by step technology in water treatment process i.e. process
control, and production management structure of every water treatment plant. The mission
and responsibility of functional departments as well as corporate management of the company
have been also rationalised relatively accordingly. Therefore the performance of the company
has obvious advance, especially the responsible financial self-control.
As the other industry, water quality is always on going target and vital pati of the water
supply. Haiphong Water Supply Company should further concentrate on water quality
management. Proposals . for improving water quality management practices within the
Company have been given as suggestions for the Company's leaders.
In order to improve the corporate management of the company, a more appropriate
organisation structure, and improvement programme for the period 200 1-2005 for Haiphong
water supply company has been proposed has been proposed based on the result centres
approach, systematic consideration of performance criteria and management tools, and
utilising effectively current resources of the company.
Furthermore, a proposal for reforming the legislative and institutional frameworks for water
supply sector in Vietnam has been also suggested. |